CN LAB ASSIGNMENT 1
1.Write Detail note on IP classes and subnet mask
An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique identifier assigned to each device on a network. It allows devices to communicate with each other over the internet or local networks. It is a 32-bit number in IPv4, usually written in dotted decimal format (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
IP Address Classes
IPv4 addresses are divided into five classes (A to E), based on the first few bits and the range of addresses.
Subnet Mask
A subnet mask separates the network portion from the host portion of the IP address. It determines how many bits are used for the network and how many for hosts.
Example:
-
IP Address:
192.168.1.10 -
Subnet Mask:
255.255.255.0→ means:-
First 3 octets (
192.168.1) identify the network -
Last octet (
.10) identifies the host
-
Subnetting helps:
-
Divide large networks into smaller sub-networks.
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Improve performance and security.
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Efficiently utilize IP addresses.
2.TCP/IP MODEL WITH PROTOCOLS OF EACH LAYER
The TCP/IP model is a four-layered networking model used in the Internet architecture. It simplifies the communication process by breaking it into layers, each with specific functions.
| Layer Number | Layer Name | Description | Protocols |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | Application Layer | Provides services and interfaces for end-user applications | HTTP, FTP, DNS, SMTP, POP3, SNMP, Telnet |
| 3 | Transport Layer | Ensures reliable data delivery, error checking, and flow control | TCP, UDP |
| 2 | Internet Layer | Handles logical addressing and path selection | IP (IPv4/IPv6), ICMP, ARP, IGMP |
| 1 | Network Access Layer | Deals with physical transmission of data over the network | Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP, Frame Relay |
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